Admission Essay for Counseling Psychology Program

My nation, Serbia, experienced a time of dread and wars, particularly during the NATO Bombing in 1999. This checking occasion in our history showed me more than what my proper instruction could. Before this fiasco struck, I was a full-time understudy and the University of Pristina studying English Language and Literature. During the high of political changes, the circumstance in Kosovo was at that point tense.Minorities had steady incitements, and contempt had a firm engraving on the individuals. My life was vigorously affected, just as my instruction. I had encountered direct being â€Å"persona non grate† in the your youth community.I wished everybody could comprehend what this implied for us all, paying little mind to what our identity was and where we originated from. Being arraigned and not reserving the privilege to make the most of our school days was an acrid memory, however something I live by as a wellspring of my quality. I encountered predispositions and bias, yet I stand firm.I was dealt with gravely, yet my fantasies never obscured from my sight. I was genuinely influenced, however I was progressively enlivened to seek after these fantasies, and become an advocate. Opportunity in this nation was underestimated, and our school life overlooked.The war made it fundamental for me to leave Pristina and Kosovo. Stunned and terrified, I returned to a home where flames, bombings and NATO planes ambushed my day by day schedule. The shrieking alarms didn't support our circumstance. It appeared that we just trusted that the bomb will drop on our heads and challenge us from simple existence.During all the frenzy, I attempted to smother my worry by being idealistic for my family and friends.â As a youngster, I have been my family's â€Å"corrupter of words†, as I've generally considered myself to be one of Shakespeare’s fools. My mother consistently brought up my capacity to revamp words and it's implications to make an individual  "philosophical† statement.I would regularly include humor when the our lives would appear to be flat, different occasions when we feel the frenzy creeping through our bones, and dread totally carving our countenances. The bombings showed us this.As you watch the planes each day, you'd get the chance to understand that there are things you can do as not to be so focused. Since we were unable to forestall the numerous fiascos in our lives, we can re-outline the dread and torment to something increasingly positive. The thought was to carry on with your life as ordinarily as could reasonably be expected, by training yourself to be visually impaired of a portion of the negative occasions in our lives.It wasn't too awful during those unnerving days. There were certain results also, as in get-togethers where the novel amusingness and soul in my way of life gave me a decent confidence and hopefulness to get by one days from now. On the off chance that I couldn’t dispose of worr y by changing or overlooking the circumstance, the least I could do was offer social support.My significant enthusiasm for instructing English to individuals of various dialects didn’t flounder because of the war. It permitted me to finish my training on schedule, and start my vocation as an English instructor. In the homeroom, it is especially significant for me to comprehend the perspective of the understudy, and use amusingness and genuine circumstances to get my focuses across.I built up my enthusiasm for investigating about language through my undergrad considers. My more prominent intrigue is on how sociocultural components affect the mindfulness, plan, usage, and evaluation of a second language in a multicultural network, in contrast with those in socially homogeneous communities.ESL classes in Serbia were increasingly British situated, both in etymology and culture. As a youthful educator, I have consistently been available to new instructing strategies. I additionall y attempted to include oddities into the educational program. My choice to go through a year in the United States was bolstered by my craving to get familiar with the American culture.I accept this will widen my points of view on social assorted variety and various frameworks of training. Besides, this will increase my own and expert turn of events. I can say that life can be truly eccentric in light of the fact that my one year visit become an existence of experience and conceivable outcomes by considering psychology.You would know whether you are encountering life if the breeze pushes you every which way. My faculties were encircled with vulnerability as I included myself in an alternate culture. I knew how it felt to be a little fish in a major lake. Being a global understudy from Eastern Europe didn't set me up for the many intriguing things another nation can offer me.The introductory information picked up from course readings, and the spots I've made a trip to see, were put to squander as I ventured onto obscure region. I felt vulnerable, and needed frantically to return home. I could have been with my family, a cup of cappuccino and the paper inside my grips. Notwithstanding, despite the fact that I encountered culture stun, I accept hands-on instruction is as yet the best teacher.Soon subsequent to showing up in another nation, I was gotten between my old qualities from my local culture, and the new estimations of the host culture. I was compelled to adjust so as to endure. Changing in accordance with another culture, new framework, and new life, was not a simple assignment. In any case, my capacity to adjust permitted me to confront any snag. My objectives were constantly set at whatever point I face any test. I never let my confidence falter.I love to feel tested in light of the fact that it makes me work twice as hard. I demonstrated this by acquiring my second college degree (BA in Liberal Arts/Psychology) and graduating with the most elevated hono rs.â I generally attempted to go after the stars.â But the contrary side of the coin is wistfulness. Something that is available when I am working, contemplating, eating, and in any event, when sleeping.Being a worldwide understudy among individual outsiders in the US caused me to acknowledge how much social help and understanding was important to challenge and accomplish scholastically in different nations. By considering the issues understudies have in the US, and by creating various methodologies and arrangements, I trust I can be an incredible instructor in a multicultural world. Just by its idea made me anxious to find out additional, and increment the collection of guiding styles and abilities nearby others.During my senior year of school, I led a broad writing audit on â€Å"psychosocial modification issues of global understudies and the requirement for social support†. I refined my exploration aptitudes in information examination utilizing SPSS, just as my capacit y to introduce my discoveries in the way of an acknowledged proficient exploration paper.I appreciated leading the writing audit the most, moving toward it as a scrounger chase and considering the amount and nature of data found as my prize. This undertaking, alongside my other undergrad considers, set me up for the rigors of graduate investigation and the boundaries of effective exploration. Proficient encounters, examination, and college classes at Menlo College have additionally animated my enthusiasm for brain science and fortified my conviction that I am appropriate to the field.Although these differed research encounters have furnished me with central abilities, I despite everything feel the requirement for all the more preparing. Everything considered, school was one of the most invigorating periods throughout my life, and I discovered gigantic assurance to accomplish my objective of helping other people through the investigation of psychology.Looking from the imminent of an understudy gave me more retrospection on my showing calling, which I love so much.â However, life is an interesting railroad with numerous stations.â Some of those stations I got off at were acceptable encounters and some awful. In any case, over all, it has been an excursion that keeps on.Helping others arrive at their objectives, having an inspirational mentality, and committing both individual and expert development were the qualities I held when I entered Menlo College.â They stay as a fundamental piece of my hard working attitude today.My universal understudy understanding, and many exploration ventures, have helped me accomplish a hypothetical establishment for the significant work of helping understudies prevail in school. We should have a comprehension and sympathy for assorted understudy populaces. I took in this from the long stretches of instructing experience. Moreover, I am ready to show my qualities and capacities to relate viably with people from all levels and social backgrounds.These encounters have not just shown me important exercises understudy life, yet have likewise fortified my enthusiasm for seeking after my profession in directing brain research. Graduate school will empower me to create essential exploration and directing aptitudes, and the strong scholastic foundation that I should be a fruitful advocate and researcher.A ace's program in guiding brain science won't just develop and refine my contribution in research, yet in addition outfit me to manage the difficulties of a MS program. The mix of MFT and my guiding degree will empower me to satisfy my vocation goals and energy for helping understudies out of luck. Moreover, I can set myself up in confronting the multifaceted nature of psychotherapy and capriciousness when managing intense subject matters of people and their families.I have all the characteristics should have been a decent advocate. Without a doubt, my dedication to my training will be the best resource of all. Having the option to effectively helpâ people later on will be my most noteworthy compensation for the exertion and speculation I will place myself into

Impacts Of Climate Change On Coastal Areas Environmental Sciences Essay

Effects Of Climate Change On Coastal Areas Environmental Sciences Essay An expansion or lessening in the temperature for quite a while effectsly affects the waterfront territories (Moser, 2000). An Earth-wide temperature boost in the greatest ecological issue which groups pressure and strain to the coast prompting floods and disintegrations (Shaw, 2002). Tropical or winter tempests can develop to risky seaside storms, making the outside of the water fiercer (Forces of nature, 2000). Higher temperature levels in the atmosphere builds the temperature of the water, expanding the danger of low oxygen conditions compromising fish stocks and other marine living beings (David, Gordon, 2007). An unnatural weather change, high temperature level and waterfront storms require more thought and a superior arrangement is expected to defeat these to shield the coast and the earth from being lowered. In 2002, Jane S. Shaw, expressed that an unnatural weather change show of being the most risky natural issue as it can influence the whole earth and the entire world relies upon it. An unnatural weather change warms the earth because of the overabundance of carbon in the air (Cunnigham, Cunningham, Saigo, Bailey, Shrubsole, 2005). The seas work is to keep the planets carbon dioxide levels in equalization or balance however the difficult presently is that with so much carbon dioxide in the air from consuming petroleum products, the seas, similar to the air are getting hotter (David, Gordon, 2007). At the point when the maritime water gets hotter than expected, it prompts warm extension; water atoms move quicker and turn out to be more distant separated, consuming more space (Stein, 2001). Cold seawater retains more carbon dioxide than warm seawater, in this manner if carbon dioxide discharges keep on rising; the seas will essentially be too warm to even think about taking as much carb on dioxide as they have been (David, Gordon, 2007). In the North and South shafts, ice and snow reflect away sun powered radiation from the earths surface as a result of their splendid white shading. Higher temperatures make the ice and snow reflect less daylight, making the earth hotter (Stein, 2001). Increment in the temperature can soften the ice sheets into the seas (Shaw, 2002). In the event that the Greenland ice sheets softens totally, it will add enough water to raise levels all over the world by 21 feet (6.4m) (David, Gordon, 2007). In 2007, David and Gordon saw that over the most recent 100 years, worldwide ocean levels have risen 8 inches (20cm). At the point when the ocean level ascents, there is an expanded danger of floods and disintegration (Stein, 2002). When there is a lot of carbon dioxide noticeable all around, the ocean takes up the leeway, absorbing the additional carbon dioxide like a massive wipe (David, Gordon, 2007). All in all, the warming of the earth does n't prompt either positive or beneficial results. A dangerous atmospheric devation just adds to negative finishes and obliterates the globe gradually. Liquefying of the ice sheets is certifiably not a decent sign for the earth and activities towards an Earth-wide temperature boost should be authorized to have the option to forestall the ice sheets from dissolving and raising the degree of the seas. This image of the chart shows increment in the ocean level ascent from 1850 to 2100 and it is anticipated that the ocean level will ascend to 20 crawls till 2050 because of warm extension and the softening of ice sheets (Sea level ascent, 2010). There are roughly one billion individuals who live in beach front territories (David, Gordon, 2007). Indeed, even little levels in the ocean rise can be risky for little islands (Shaw, 2002). Urban zones worked close to the ocean level like New York, Boston, Washington, and Miami can be in danger due to flooding (Moser, 2000). The ascent in ocean builds the danger of beach front flooding from rainstorms, since low territories channel all the more gradually as ocean level ascents (Climate change wellbeing, 2010). The beach front tempests become increasingly perilous when the breeze and waves drive water more remote inland than at any other time (Stein, 2001). Waterfront storms cause a great deal of harm in beach front territories, bringing about flooding and landslides (Moser, 2000). Industrialized nations, for example, United States and Europe may have the option to adapt to the perils identified with ocean level ascent however other poor nations may not (Shaw, 2002). The expansion i n ocean level stances as danger to properties, foundations, seaside enterprises, beach front and marine biological systems (Moser, 2000). In light of tropical or winter storms the sea waves increases on the untamed sea and these tempests make the outside of the water a lot choppier and fiercer than ordinary which influences the sea shores ( Forces of nature, 2000). There is enormous loss of cash when recreational territories close to sea shores get influenced because of sea shore disintegration (Moser, 2000). Many urban communities are worked close to the ocean level and there is a ton of cash associated with the improvement of these urban communities. On the off chance that disintegration happens, these zones will flood. Poor nations can't bear to forestall floods or help individuals living along the waterfront territories, consequently they have to secure the earth and thought of all the conceivable, prudent approaches to diminish disastrous climate change. Rising ocean temperature is viewed as the biggest danger to coral reefs today (mangroves for the, 2007). The mangroves for the in 2007 likewise expressed that when there is a higher grouping of carbon dioxide in the seawater, it will prompt sea fermentation decreasing calcification paces of calcifying living beings, for example, corals. Corals and all shellfish need a specific degree of calcium so as to make their hard shells; yet higher corrosiveness hits the fragile parity of calcium in the water, lessening the sum accessible to coral and shellfish to construct their defensive skeletons (David, Gordon, 2007). Breaking down of debased reefs following fading or diminished characterization may bring about expanded wave vitality across reef pads with potential for shoreline disintegration (mangroves for the, 2007). At the point when water temperature rise, the green growth can't photosynthesize, the synthetic response that changes over daylight and carbon dioxide into sugars is blocked and the coral misfortunes its wellspring of shading and turns white, as though it developed old short-term (David, Gordon, 2007). There is restricted biological and hereditary proof for adjustment of corals to hotter conditions (mangroves for the, 2007). Dyed corals becomes more vulnerable and progressively helpless against sickness, predators and tempests, it is turning into an entirely weak safehouse for fascinating fish (David, Gordon, 2007). Numerous reefs are influenced by tropical twisters, impacts extend from minor breakage of delicate corals to annihilation of most of corals on a reef and statement of trash as coarse tempest edges (mangroves for the, 2007). Beach front tempests dirty the water because of residue and toxins with higher overflow (David, Gordon, 2007). Waterfront environments, particularly mangroves woodlands and coral reefs go about as supports against outrageous climate conditions and catastrophic events, along these lines diminishing the powerlessness of be ach front networks and their speculations (mangroves for the, 2007). As expressed before, the adjustment in the atmosphere can rise the ocean level which empowers living beings that live in the sea from performing every day typical assignments and they in the long incredible. The sea is a major biological system for many creatures and they are completely associated with one another, the expulsion of one specie from the evolved way of life can truly influence different species. The corals go about as a significant factor in the sea and along these lines they should be secured and the ocean level and pH should be adjusted with the goal that the corals are not faded or influenced. Safeguard estimations should be taken toward the beach front territories in light of the fact that a great deal of lives can be influenced if safety measures are not taken. Various measures of undertakings just as ventures are attempting to spare the earth from being lowered. The mangroves for the future (MFF) propelled a task whose goal is to fortify the natural supportability of seaside advancement and advance sound interest in costal biological system the executives as a methods for improving flexibility and supporting neighborhood vocations (mangroves for the, 2007). There are around various 200 million individuals who live over the world in high hazard beach front flooding regions, (how to forestall, 2010) and this MFF undertaking may have the option to support them. These tasks require a great deal of cash to have the option to place in real life, long haul disintegration protection and fix requires a large number of dollars and requires the support of a ton of individuals (how to forestall, 2010). The MFF underpins and underwrites the idea of REDD (decreasing outflows from deforestation and biological system corruption) because of environmental change and relief alternative (mangroves for the, 2007). There are deterrent measures being taken to ensure the low-lying beach front territories against harm from tidal immersion through the development of banks fit for withstanding the foreseen storm flood stature and powers (calamity preventation and, 1999). These kinds of security will diminish the measure of power in the tides and may keep the sea shores from getting a tragic harm. The structures of seawalls, obstruction islands and sea shore sustenance can likewise shield the coast from the environmental change sway (how to do, 2010). Obstruction island is a land parcel that is comprised of sand and it keeps the seaside storms from harming the territory of the island (Paris). The quality of beach front tempests changes the shape and the type of the islands a nd causes disintegration of the ridges and can totally wreck the hill framework on the off chance that it is serious (Paris). One of the most hazardous consequences for earth is a dangerous atmospheric devation. A dangerous atmospheric devation accompanies gigantic measures of unpredictability and perils for the globe. The effects of this danger should be decreased with the goal that it doesn't harm the earth and subsequently each and every individual need to live greener. There are different routes through which an unnatural weather change can be diminish. Individuals should be more vitality productive and they can do as such by killing their apparatuses when its not required, protecting

Music Groups at MIT, Pt. 3

Music Groups at MIT, Pt. 3 [by Jessica Noss 14] While MITSO, MITWE, and Chamber Chorus all have a very high level of musicality and are full of virtuosic musicians, my favorite group is Techiya. As an a capella group, Techiya does not have any professor as a director or musical advisor. Techiya is made up of a mix of undergrads, grad students, and other people, some of whom go to other colleges or are friends of MIT members. Most of them are Jewish, but a few (such as me) arent. Many of our songs are in Hebrew, so it is definitely helpful to speak Hebrew, but its not at all necessary. In the past, most of the non-Jewish members had at least some connection to Judaism; they auditioned for Techiya because they wanted to be in Techiya, not because they wanted to be in the Chorallaries. But not me. I didnt have a clue what Jewish music was. I didnt know that most Jewish music was in Hebrew or Yiddish, and I didnt know whether Israeli was a language, a religion, or a culture (its the third). All I knew was I wanted to be in an a capell a group, and since Techiya was the only one I got into, it would have to do. Techiyas Fall 2010 Concert, Once Upon a Techiya It turned out to be a great fit. Im not really a fan of pop music, but many a capella groups sing pop music because thats what attracts an audience. Techiya, on the other hand, sings a variety of music, from slow liturgies to jazz to a song about a drunken rabbi involving violins, a clarinet, drums, and other instruments. Violins and drums in an a capella group, you ask?!? Yep. A-capella violins (sing hunv through your teeth). Vocal percussion. Before hearing the Chorallaries, I had never heard vocal perc before. Yes, there were always beat-boxers in talent shows, but to me it was just a guy making a bunch of noise while the girls in the audience screamed. But vocal perc in a capella music really transforms a song. Its what makes a capella pop music possible. Techiya performing in Attleboro, Spring 2011 Techiya is also a very social group; currently there are fifteen members, and were all fairly close. The rehearsals are much more informal than those run by a professor, and theres always time to talk and just have fun. We choose our songs democratically and arrange most of them ourselves. This allows us to add in whatever special effects we want (such as a-capella violins) and write the song so it works with the current members. Just to be complete in describing my freshman year music experiences, I should mention music classes. Last semester I took 21M.011 (Introduction to Western Music) to satisfy part of the communication requirement. The class is essentially a music history class, tracing classical music back to its roots in Gregorian chant, then going through all the major composers up to the twentieth century. Its really fun, and very educational. This semester, Im taking 21M.302 (Harmony and Counterpoint II). If you took AP Music Theory in high school and still remember most of the material, you can probably skip 21M.301 (Harmony and Counterpoint I) by asking the 302 professor. Both 301 and 302 include weekly sight-singing and piano labs. In 302, we analyzed lots of pieces, we reviewed figured bass, part-writing, and voice-leading, we learned about some fancy chords (such as augmented sixths), and we learned about theme and variations. The final project is to compose a theme and variations which will be performed by a string quartet on the last day of class. This class is also very fun, and I would highly recommend it. I love music. That said, however, taking a music class and being in three music groups is not a good idea. It can be very grueling having 8.5 hours of rehearsal and music class in one day. But if youre a freshman on pass/no record, I say go for it. Its good to know your limit and to try out different groups. If I had chosen to only be in one or two groups each semester, as many people recommended, I would keep wishing I could join more groups and wondering what the other groups were like. If you want to be in something, you just have keep trying. Sometimes, you have to accept a different group and hope it turns out well. Othertimes, you just have to wait until the time is right and they need more members. Or who knows, maybe if you werent good enough to get in the first time, youll improve by participating in other groups. If your dream is to be a Chorallary someday, just keep auditioning. I dont expect to ever get into the Chorallaries, but I know I wont get in if I dont keep trying. But maybe next year Ill take it easier and not do 5+ auditions on one day.

Substance Abuse A Social Problem - 1608 Words

When discussing social problems, some common issues that come up relate to the environment, discrimination, poverty, healthcare, and more. While these issues are important and must be addressed, we must also take substance abuse into consideration because it is all too often neglected. According to the World Health Organization, substance abuse â€Å"refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs† (Substance). Individuals who become victims of substance abuse become dependent on and overindulge in substances such as drugs and alcohol. The outside forces in our world today influence behaviors including substance abuse, ultimately displaying the connection between social structure and an†¦show more content†¦A lot of the time, people born into a particular social class typically stay in the same social class for the rest of their life. The National Council on Drug Abuse reports that if an individual comes from an i mpoverished background, they are more likely to â€Å"abuse drugs or alcohol as a way to cope with the dangerous environment she lives in, [as] a way to deal with her financial stresses or a way to cope with physical or emotional abuse.† (Smith). Furthermore, in impoverished neighborhoods, it is easier for people to access substances such as drugs and alcohol. This is typically because people sell substances with the goal that someday they will overcome poverty (Smith). In addition to growing up in impoverished areas, the household one grows up in is also a sociological cause of substance abuse. HealthyPlace.com, a mental health site, states that parental abuse and neglect are large contributions to substance abuse (Tracy). These factors are out of the individual’s control and as a result, adolescents and preadolescents may attempt to gain their attention or escape the reality they live in by using drugs or alcohol. The environment one is raised in plays a significant role in the sociological causes of substance abuse. While those from a lower socioeconomic background may turn to substances to escape the neglect and abuse they face, teenagers from higher socioeconomic backgrounds abuse substances as a solution orShow MoreRelatedDetrimental Social Problems: Substance Abuse Essays1197 Words   |  5 PagesSubstance abuse is one of the most detrimental social problems found in all societies. It has been the leading cause for generational breakdowns of families and communities, and is probably the most controversial social problem when developing corrective solutions. Substance abuse can be defined as the chemical dependence, or pattern of usage of both legal and illegal substances, that has adverse physical, psychological, and psychomotor effects on the human body. The use of substances does not alwaysRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Addiction : Critical Health, Social And Economic Problems816 Words   |  4 Pages Specific Aims. Substance abuse and addiction are critical health, social and economic problems in Maine and the United States. The estimated economic cost of substance abuse in Maine for 2012 was $1.18 billion. The number of individuals receiving treatment was up 20% over 2011 and prescription overdose deaths have tripled in the last decade. Thus, we are in desperate need of alternative treatments for substance abuse and addiction, as well as full implementation of effective prevention programsRead MoreSubstance Abuse903 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance Abuse Substance Abuse is a problem for social workers around the country no matter where you go. There are a number of different social problems, and social systems that a social worker will have to deal with when working in this field. I will hope to address the problem of substance abuse, and the different techniques used in order to cure a client suffering from substance abuse. Substance abuse social workers assess and treat individuals with substance abuse problems, which includeRead MoreThe Abuse Of Drugs And Alcohol1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe abuse of drugs and alcohol has been a known issue over past decades. The media paints the picture that alcohol and drug use is fun and the only way to have a good time. While alcohol in moderation is fine, many people find themselves going over board and abusing it. Elicit drugs like cocaine and heroin are highly addictive and have several adverse effects. People find themselves depressed and anxious so they ultimately try to use these drugs to mask the pain instead of getting help for theirRead MorePreventing Substance Abuse940 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Preventing substance abuse involves developing numerous strategic partnerships. Substance abuse is a multidisciplinary issue, and requires a correspondingly multifaceted and multidisciplinary approach. The strategy for drug abuse prevention must begin with segmenting the market, or analyzing the needs of the community. Is the greatest proportion of abusers in the community youth? If so, what kinds of drugs are most commonly used in the community? Are seniors in the community abusing prescriptionRead MoreSubstance Abuse - Social Pandemic1653 Words   |  7 Pagescontinues, substance abuse across America has become a very serious social problem. It is mental illness that has an effect on different races, classes and genders. The affects of substance abuse has caused countless of people to feel heartache and develop feelings of hopelessness. With alcohol and drugs readily available through prescription or on the streets (Butler,2010), it is obvious why many are acquiring addictive p atterns to these accessible substances, and that the continual abuse of theseRead MoreSubstance Abuse Is An Addiction1626 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Substance abuse is an addiction and it is the addition, which is referred to a chronic disease. It is this chronic disease that is a significant and growing issue, especially among family units where either one or two parents and/or parental guardians suffer from. Despite the various and complex reasons that cause the parents or parental guardians to abuse substances, it is their children who suffer thus, significantly affecting the parent/parental guardian and child bonding relationshipRead MoreEffects Of Parental Addiction On Children1457 Words   |  6 PagesON CHILDREN Alexis Holcomb The cost of alcohol and substance abuse in the United States reaches heights of four hundred eighty four billion dollars per year (â€Å"Magnitude†). That’s about seven hundred eighty times the amount it cost to diagnose and treat sexually transmitted diseases in the year 2000 (Chesson). The sole purpose of this is not to persuade you one way or the other on this topic. Nor is the purpose to apologize for this social issue. The purpose of this writing is to employ data showingRead MoreSubstance Abuse : An Individual s Life1608 Words   |  7 PagesSubstance abuse can be very detrimental to an individual’s life. According to the World Health Organization, substance abuse is defined as, â€Å"the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs† (2015). It does not matter what type of substance a person abuses, any one of them can alter one’s perception, judgement, and physical control, which leads a person bei ng destructive in the future. If a person is fully dependent on a substance, by the time they withdrawRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among Older Adults Essay1317 Words   |  6 PagesI was surprised to hear that substance abuse is a growing epidemic among our elderly because when I think of the elderly I don’t think falling over on the floor drunk or sitting at a bar knocking drinks back. It really is an â€Å"invisible epidemic†. It was shocking to hear that because of insufficient knowledge, health care providers often overlook substance abuse among older adults and fail to diagnose them correctly. â€Å"Symptoms of substance abuse in older individuals sometimes mimic symptoms of other

Ethical Conflict Essay - 679 Words

Ethical Conflicts Because human services work often involves direct client interaction, there are times when the values of the worker differ from those of their clients. In these circumstances, ethical dilemmas tend to arise. Review the case examples and current ethical conflicts presented in Chapter 5 of your textbook. Choose (1) case study :Social and Moral Issues in the Case of a 96-Year-Old Woman- page 141 96 years old woman live alone, Her house is full of trash .House is a health hazard with all the trash. bring on unwanted guess( rats which make the house unhealthy to live in). The house seem to be a fire hazard with all the trash in the house. The house has a bad order which has made a worker sick. The floor is in†¦show more content†¦Using Table 4.1 as a reference, provide an overview of the structure and content of the helping relationship. Discuss the characteristics of an effective human service worker in relation to the A.S.K. pyramid, describe how each of these levels of the pyramid are of equal importance in human services, and explain how this differs from other fields. How would clients be disadvantaged, for example, by an unsympathetic, inflexible, unskilled worker? Working in this field we will need to have the knowledge of the A.S.K pyramid. The pyramid has three different parts. Knowing and using all three will help you in this field of work. The three parts are 1 Knowledge-is about human growth and social problems. people 2-Skiills- being able to be an good listener, while interviewing and watching your surrounding for clues while collecting data 3 Attitude- Having empathy and try to be very patience , be willing to help without judging , In order to give our best, we must apply A.S.K in your work field . We work with people which sometime can be trying every day. No one is the same. We as social worker will have an affect on by working close with them. We will be working to help change lives more so than other fields. A client would be disadvantaged by and unsympathetic, inflexible , unskilled worker because they would not show empathy nor have the patient that theyShow MoreRelatedPreventing Conflict And Ethical Issues1596 Words   |  7 Pages A Research Paper: Preventing Conflict or Ethical Issues Student Name Course Title Professor Name University Name March 27, 2017 A Research Paper PREVENTING CONFLICT OR ETHICAL ISSUES Introduction As per the corporative corporation type developed, the two purposes of proprietorship and administration are disconnected. In the corporations with a huge quantity of workforces the supervisors are the individuals that accomplish the wealth in the finest concern of the stockholders (BoshkoskaRead MoreThe And Controversial Ethical Conflicts1057 Words   |  5 PagesFiat Voluntas Tua One of the most significant and controversial ethical conflicts in this novel occurs in the final section, probing the issue of suicide. A nuclear test has occurred and many people were badly injured by the blasts and radiation. Abbot Zerchi must decide how the church will respond to the affected people. A medical group called Green Star wishes to set up units in the abbey to treat the radiation victims. The church faces a problem because Green Star, in cases where radiation exposureRead MorePreventing Conflict Or Ethical Issues1579 Words   |  7 Pages Ethics Paper On Preventing Conflict or Ethical Issues between Management and Stockholders Pranav Tuladhar MG670-101Q-Managerial Finance Professor Gracer Yung Monroe College March 27, 2017 PREVENTING CONFLICT OR ETHICAL ISSUES Introduction In the corporations with a huge quantity of workforces the managers are the individuals that accomplish the wealth in the finest concern of the stockholders (Boshkoska, 2015). In such kind of establishments, clash of importance may happen among the managersRead MoreEthical Dilemm Conflict Of Interest901 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Dilemma I - Conflict of Interest A conflict of interest exists when an employee’s duty to give his or her individual business loyalty to the Company may be prejudiced by actual or potential personal benefit arising from another source. 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How important was Berlin to the development and outbreak of the Cold War, 1945-1961 Free Essays

string(183) " Looking at those different factors overall you can say that the most significant problem in the year of 1945 was the dropping of the A-bomb on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in August 1945\." The first period of time we need to look at is the year of 1945, when the Second World War ended. This was also the year when the Yalta, in February 1945, and the Potsdam Conference, in July 1945, was hold in order to discuss certain problems and plans that occurred or should have been done after the end of war. The tensions, which had lead to the beginning of the Cold War started to emerge more intensively at those two conferences, as there were many areas of disagreement between the USA and the USSR. We will write a custom essay sample on How important was Berlin to the development and outbreak of the Cold War, 1945-1961? or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the four main areas of disagreement was Germany. As the Yalta Conference was hold in February 1945 the war against Germany and Japan was still on going but an end of all terror was close. Problems that had emerged from the Tehran Conference, that had been hold in 1943, had to be resolved at that conference. It was agreed that that Germany firstly had to be divided into four zones being occupied by Britain, France, the USA and the USSR. Germany should also pay reparations to the countries it had damaged in the wart earlier, especially huge amounts to Russia as Stalin demanded. However, Stalin also did not like the idea of splitting Germany into two parts. Could Cold War Have Been Avoided? iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/could-cold-war-have-been-avoided/embed/#?secret=mVfKsyFtcy" data-secret="mVfKsyFtcy" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Could Cold War Have Been Avoided?#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Germany, by paying huge amounts of money to Russia and other countries, should be weakened by that so I would not become a future threat anymore. Also Stalin intended to finance Russia’s rebuild of the destructions, which it has suffered from Nazi Germany in the war. In the year 1952 Stalin still seemed to favour the idea of a united Germany over which the USSR had no control but some influence. However, there were also other factors of disagreement at those conferences, which caused massive problems in the relationship between the USA and the USSR. Poland for example proved to be more difficult than Germany. Eventually, the superpowers agreed that the USSR’s demands over Poland’s border in the east would be met. Furthermore Poland should receive territorial compensation from Germany. Additionally Stalin did believe that the Allies would have accepted Poland’s mainly communist or USSR sympathetic government. However, Churchill was not sure about what Stalin intended to do and returned to his strong anti-communism by 1945. Adding to that also Roosevelt shared this point of view. After Roosevelt’s death in April 1945 a new harsher era towards the Soviet Union started to emerge under Truman in power of the USA. As the free elections, which had been decided to be carried out in the Yalta Conference, had not taken place in Poland yet Truman refused to listen to Molotov’s explanations for that. US suspicions about Soviet motives about a security in Eastern Europe increased. However, at the Potsdam Conference hold in July 1945 the decision for the acceptance of Russian plans for Poland was made although the issue of Poland was very complex. Stalin saw it as an issue influencing the life or the death of the Soviet Union. Churchill however saw it as an act of honour. Roosevelt had always been against the idea of a Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. In Stalin’s point of view however Russia needed this sphere to provide security for the Soviet Union. He created worries about such a sphere, as the new US call for an â€Å"Open Door† policy was introduced, involving the suggestion of not having such spheres of influence. Roosevelt however suggested that those disagreement should be an issue rather as the war would be ended that during the war. This of course motivated or rather gave Stalin the time to ensure Soviet security interests in Eastern Europe. Apart from disagreements about Poland and Eastern Europe there was also a third issue where the USA and the USSR did not agree with each other. Russia had suffered hugely from horrible destruction in the Second World War. As the Axis forces had retreated between 1944 and 1945, they have left systematic destruction behind, destroying 1,700 towns and 17,000 villages. Due to that Stalin saw economic reconstruction as a priority after the war. However, Truman tried everything to contain the Soviet power whenever it was possible. Due to that, at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, Truman said that the USA would agree to any reparations being paid to Russia by East Germany. However, in return Russia would have to send 60% of the, from West received, goods in form of goods and raw materials back to the West again. In 1944 Russia however agreed to join the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. But when the USSR asked for a 6 billion dollar loan in January 1945, the USA said she would only agree if the Soviet Union would open its Eastern markets to the US capital. Obviously Russia did not accept these conditions. But at the Yalta Conference it was agreed from both sides that a 10 billion dollar loan from Germany would be accepted as a beginning of the reparations. However, as in August 1945 a request for a 1,000 billion dollar loan was ignored by the US side, the USSR increased reparation payments from it own Eastern sector. A final point of disagreements or rather arguments was the drop of the A-bomb of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 by the USA. This was a slap in the face of the USSR, as at the Yalta Conference it was agreed that Russia and the USA would end the war with Japan together. It was also seen as a refusal to share new US technology with the USSR. Truman did decide that, in order to prevent any Russian communist influence in Asia. Stalin interpreted that behaviour as demonstration of a strong USA next to a weak USSR. Looking at those different factors overall you can say that the most significant problem in the year of 1945 was the dropping of the A-bomb on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in August 1945. You read "How important was Berlin to the development and outbreak of the Cold War, 1945-1961?" in category "Papers" Both the USA and the USSR had shown each other before that they would not work together in certain situations. However, as the USA and the USSR had agreed to finish the war with Japan together after Germany would have been defeated but the USA literally ended that issue on its own it clearly amplified the fact of not wanting to work together. Also it showed that there was a sort of competition going on already and that Truman wanted to prevent any Soviet demands for influence in Asia. He wanted, as far as possible, to contain Soviet power and reduce the Soviet sphere. Secondly we need to look at the time period between the years of 1946 and 1949, which were the years just after the world war when everything was recovering and Germany was split up into different zones. By looking at the end of 1945, we can definitely say, that there were great disputes between the USA and USSR already. The West was also concerned about developments in the Middle East and the eastern Mediterranean, where the US had significant interests. Iran was mainly an area of US concern, as the USSR was feared to spread its influence there. The USSR also replied with saying that they had as much right as the USA to oil. Immediately the Iranian prime minister was urged by the American side, which forced Stalin to back down in order to get a deal of oil concessions. However, Stalin was never really interested in that area which again shows that the competition and tensions were going on and each side tried to use any chance for an argument or a disagreement. The same situation of the Soviet leader backing down happened in the spring and summer of 1946, when concessions from Turkey were opposed and the Russian leader once again backed down. However, the most significant problems of that time period took place in Europe. To start with, we look at Germany and the problem of reparations. Both sides feared during the cold war the country would become part of the opposite camp. At the Potsdam Conference it was agreed that Germany should be divided into four Allied zones and it should act, as one economic unit administered by the ACC. Berlin should also be divvied into four zones and Germany should be demilitarised, de-Nazified, democratised, decentralised and de-industrialised. During there were agreements on that issue, the issue of reparations still seemed to cause problems. Tensions over the political developments in the Soviet Union started to emerge early. The main area was economic, as the USSR supported the idea of a rather agricultural country but the US demanded an industrialised Germany. At the Paris meeting of the Council of foreign ministers, Byrnes decided to test the Soviet co-operation over the Potsdam agreements by the four allies proposing an act that demilitarised Germany for the next 25 years. Russia agreed but still the USA refused to talk about the question of reparations. Further refusals of reparations from the US side were given in July 1945, when Molotov insisted for a 10 billion dollar loan. Additionally demands for reparations were refused again at the Council of Foreign Ministers meeting in Moscow. Furthermore Russia had to accept that there would not be shipping of coal and steel to the USSR anymore and that the USSR would have to give back some of the resources it already received by the West. This proposal however was rejected by the USSR. The Soviet Union saw that as an attempt to build up the Western Germany economy and therefore also saw it as another military, potential threat as it might ally to the more or less enemy USA. The meeting of the Council of Foreign Minister in London in December 1947 was judged to fail even before it took place as Britain and the USA would not agree on any reparations paid to Russia by Germany. However at this meeting the creation of Bizonia was decided, where Britain and the US would join to create a separate West Germany. Then half a year later in 1948, France also decided to join this pact and Trizonia emerged together with the introduction of the Deutschmark, a new currency, which was also introduced in West Berlin a few days later. This of course was a clear statement to the Soviet Union that the USA did not have any intentions to work together with the USSR. Tensions between the two superpowers increased further during the first Berlin Crisis at the Berlin Blockade in 1948. As the USSR did not like the idea of a divided Germany they put pressure on West Berlin by cutting of all road, rail and freight traffics as well as the supply of electricity. This however did not result in a hot war in the Cold War, as the USA replied with a massive airlift delivering food and fuel to West Berlin. It was ended as Stalin also called of the blockade one year later. The USA interpreted that blockade as a statement to drive the Allies out of West Berlin and take over the Western zones of Germany. Therefore in May 1949, the FDR was created. The USSR first did not want accept that division but then in October decided to agree with that division and the GDR was set up in Eastern Germany with the Soviet Control Commission supervising that area. This division of Germany demonstrated the division of whole Europe into two hostile camps. However there were also other events than in Germany at that period of time that further increased the tension between the two superpowers. Firstly Kennan’s Long Telegram where Kennan argued that the USSR was a dangerous and expansionist state due to its security fears, internal politics and leadership as well as its Marxist-Leninist views and ideology. He also said the USA would never be able or willing to co-operate with such a state and therefore this telegram influenced US foreign policy towards the USSR, such as the creation of the policy of containment. Furthermore the Iron Curtain speech by Winston Churchill supported what Kennan’s Long Telegram had already amplified. It argued for an end of compromise and arguing against Roosevelt’s idea at the Yalta Conference to co-operate with the USSR. Stalin saw Churchill as Hitler and immediately interpreted that as a call for war with the USSR. Due to that anti-Western propaganda in the Soviet Union strongly increased. Adding to that Kennan had supported the division of Germany and therefore of Europe before it was even considered at the Council of Foreign Ministers meeting in London. Meanwhile, the USSR pursued a very flexible approach in the years after the war. It might have had expansionist and opportunistic views and parts but after all the Russians were prepared to communicate and co-operate with the US side. But as time developed and tensions increased people with more extreme and harsher views came to power in these hostile camps. John Foster Dulles for example called for military and economic supports for states threatened by communism. Byrnes spent 5,700 billion dollars on stabilising economy outside the Soviet sphere in 1946. If the USSR had wanted economic support all trade barriers should have been called off and the US should have a greater say in economic issues in Eastern Europe. Next to those events that increased the tensions between the USSR and the USA or rather generally events that caused problems we also need to look at the economic crisis in Western Europe between 1946 and 1947. In America, although there was a great media campaign against the communistic Soviet Union, the majority of people were not convinced to give loans to allied countries or to increase the military budget. There was even voted for a cut of Truman’s budget, including military expenditure. However, the bad situation in Western Europe finally seemed to go into the direction of persuading them to change their opinion: Many countries in Europe had suffered horribly in terms of their economy. Furthermore there were bad harvests due to the severe winter in 1946-1947. Additionally communist parties gained more popularity especially in France and in Italy. George Marshall, the secretary of state, said that there would be needed 17 billion dollars to recover Europe’s economy. This was still not enough for the Republican Congress. Only in 1947, when Britain announced that it would not be able anymore to give economic aid to Greece and Turkey everything changed. Acheson linked economic loans to the communist struggle and persuaded people to support Truman’s policy of containment. He argued with the â€Å"rotten apple† theory and the theory of the domino effect. As a response of that the US side set up the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. As economic aid of 300 million dollars was given to Greece and 100 million dollars to Turkey and military advisors were sent to Greece, Stalin interpreted that as an act to enlarge the US sphere of influence. Coming to the Marshall plan, the US thought it would be able to recover Europe’s economy with a revived German economy. However the agreement about that question failed at the Council of Foreign Ministers meeting in Moscow in April 1947, as the USA still refused to talk about reparations being paid to the USSR and as the USSR was uncompromising about that topic. Then as the Marshall Plan was announced on 5 June 1947 it was clear that the USSR would not accept the conditions and requirements, which the economic aid required to happen. The USA and the USSR saw the Marshall Plan as an attempt to weaken the Soviet control of the East part of Europe. Furthermore the USSR saw it as a statement of â€Å"dollar imperialism† been introduced to establish US influence in Europe. However, the US economic and political domination Europe did not benefit from the Marshall Plan. Tensions between the superpowers increased further as were was a repeated refusal of reparations paid to the USSR by Germany at talks in early June. After that talk it was decided to exclude the USSR from further discussions. Under Andrei Zhdanov the Marshall Plan was even describes as being an act of preparing to extend the US power in order to launch a new world war. In one of his speeches he even describes the world as being divided into two opposing camps, which later was famous as the â€Å"Two-Camps† Doctrine. Furthermore the establishment of Cominform marked the end of the flexible and hesitant foreign policy of the USSR compared to US actions. Finally, as the tension increased more the CIA intervened in Italian and French politics to act against communist influence. This only motivated Stalin’s determination to control Eastern Europe even more and to get rid of those agents in France and Italy. The Soviet Union replied with plans to increase the control of Eastern Europe and also to integrate their economies into the USSRs one. These measure only increased Cold War tensions even more. Now, by looking at all what happened in this time period, we can definitely say that Germany was the biggest problem at that time. The formation of Bizonia and Trizonia clearly amplified that the USA did not want to co-operate with the USSR and that the establishment of two hostile camps was necessary. Furthermore the Berlin blockade showed the same intentions for the USSR, it did not want to work with the USA. Finally he introduction of the Deutschmark symbolised a clear separation between Western Germany/USA and Eastern Europe/USSR. Finally we need to look at the time period between 1954 and 1961 to judge whether Berlin or rather Germany was the biggest problem in the years between 1945 and 1961. After Stalin’s death in 1953 Khrushchev came to power in the USSR. This year marked a development towards better relationships as now Stalin was dead and therefore the extremist views about the US seemed to rest for a certain period of time. The new leader of the Soviet Union seemed to be keen about compromising with the West, as he was less paranoid than Stalin. For Khrushchev Berlin was an embarrassing problem and he wanted to find a solution for that problem. He tried to create better relationships also to avoid a nuclear war. However, as we look at the years between 1958 and 1961 and therefore and the second Berlin crisis we can see that there were also moments of disagreements and argument as there before already. The second Berlin crisis emerged as Khrushchev set up the first Berlin Ultimatum. This meant that the West had to sign a formal peace with Germany and agree that West Berlin should become demilitarised as well as an international area. If that would not be signed there would be a separate peace signed with the GDR handing over the control of the access routes into West Berlin. These moves were firstly done to prevent West Berlin from becoming a nuclear power but also to impress Chinese communist leaders and his own people. Although Khrushchev gave them a time limit of sixth months to sign the Ultimatum neither the act of signing happened nor was a peace signed the GDR. By 1959 however, 200,000 people were moving from East Berlin to West Berlin each year badly affecting the East Berlin economy. Ulbricht wanted to unify Berlin, as he did not want any West be present in East Germany, whereas Khrushchev wanted divisions to occur between the two areas. After the Vienna Summit, Khrushchev gave his OK for Ulbricht the building of a physical Berlin division and set another six months deadline for the West to sign a peace pact. However, as by August 1961 there were 20,00 0 refugees moving to West Berlin Khrushchev approved the Berlin border to be secured between 3 and 5 August. At first a barbed wire was set up and by 13 August the building of a wall was completed. The Berlin Wall remained as Cold War image until the pull down in November 1989 when the Cold War moved away from Germany, Europe. The wall however also solved any problems that had ever existed between West and East Berlin although the US made a shell force in West Berlin after its set up. This and the famous â€Å"face-off† between Russian and American tanks at Checkpoint Charlie finally increased tensions. However, by 1963 the Berlin Crisis was pretty much over. Another incident, where the tensions rose again and relationships became worse was at the Paris Summit and the U-2 incident. At that time West Berlin did not want to make any further concessions of East Berlin. On 1 May 1960 a USSR missile brought down a U-2 spy plane of the USA flying over the USSR. Eisenhower was hugely embarrassed for that but thought he did not apologise for this. As a reaction Khrushchev cancelled Eisenhower’s visit in the USSR and the Paris Summit failed. Additionally the Soviets proposed a confederation between the two German states leaving alliances to the NATO and the Warsaw Pact. West saw that as first moves to wards a unification and German disarmament. This however was resisted due to West Berlin as an espionage base behind the Iron Curtain. This stalemate continued until the free elections in the GDR. However, a first moment of agreement about a certain issue was when the US decided to accept the idea of a neutral Austria and a reduction of direct American influence over Austria. Although Khrushchev followed the theory of â€Å"Peaceful Coexistence† he thought there still could be an international transition to socialism. This was also amplified by his foreign policy, which was established in 1956. It said that in the new nuclear age, peaceful coexistence was possible and necessary. First steps towards that was the establishment of the Warsaw Pact in 1955, which was also a response to Western Germany becoming member of the NATO. The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance between the Soviet Union and all East European countries allied to the USSR, involving East Germany. However, there was one clause in the Pact that said if there was a general European treaty of collective security signed, the Pact should be dissolved. This clearly marked the beginning of better relationships. A second moment of representing and developing friendship between those countries was the Geneva Summit in July 1955. Nuclear weapons and Germany were the main issues that were discussed. The fact that discussions were taking place showed an improvement to the relationship between Stalin and Truman. Although there were made agreements on the need for less confrontation and more co-operations, as well as for a stop of testing nuclear weapons, there was still a disagreement about disarmament, European security and control of nuclear weapons. The idea of a united Germany was also rejected. Eisenhower’s â€Å"Open Skies† proposal was therefore rejected by Khrushchev but U-2 spy planes carried on doing their spy flights anyway. Another moment of friendship and peace was, when Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to Camp David, where he also agreed to withdraw his Ultimatum although the US did not make any concessions. Further discussions should take place at the Paris Summit in May 1960. As a final conclusion, you can definitely say that Germany and especially Berlin was a major factor for the development of the Cold War. The issue if West Berlin being inside the heart of East Germany had always caused huge trouble such as the Berlin Blockade as well as the second Berlin crisis. If a divided Germany had not existed there would not have been that many problems. For example the first Berlin crisis, where Stalin ordered to completely cut off West Berlin from any supplies of the East and the Western part of Germany, nearly a hot war broke out. Furthermore a divided Germany had always represented a divided world at that time. At one side there was communism whereas on the other side there was capitalism. How to cite How important was Berlin to the development and outbreak of the Cold War, 1945-1961?, Papers

Visa and MasteCard Antitrust1 Essay Example For Students

Visa and MasteCard Antitrust1 Essay Duality, Monopoly and Government Failure Duality or illegal business practices which one contributed to Visa and MasterCard attaining over seventy-five percent of market shares. Who is really to blame for Visa and MasterCard obtaining the ability to monopolize the market; the government; member banks; or Visa and MasterCard collaboration. The Department of Justice investigation will bring forth many issues to closely review and consider. Reviewing the courts transcript, released by the Department of Justice on the governments antitrust case investigation; United States of America verses Visa International and MasterCard International Incorporated. reveals how the government may have been a major contributor to Visa and MasterCard effectively obtaining market power of the general-purpose card networks. The government should have evaluated the Worthens suit more closely. When the Worthen Bank of Arkansas, a Visa member bank, wanted to issue MasterCards general-purpose cards, Visa adopted Bylaw 2.16 prohibiting members bank from issuing any other network card. Worthen sued Visa; stating the Bylaw 2.16 violated section 1 of the Sherman Act. The courts agreed with Worthen; stating bylaw 2.16 in itself was per se a violation of the Sherman Act and ruled judgment in Worthens behalf. However, the Eighth Circuit court reversed the decision and sent the case for retrial using the rule of reason as the foundation. While awaiti ng trail Visa wanted to impose a more restrictive bylaw, so they asked the Department of Justice to review their new proposed Business Review letter. The new policy would not only prohibit members from issuing other general purpose cards, but also prohibit banks from providing card acceptance service for any other card presently in existence or card that may develop in the future as well. The Department of Justice stated, it could support the more restrictive bylaw of Visa member banking only issue Visa cards, but it was concerned about the restriction of banks providing card acceptance services to merchants for both networks. The Department of Justice believed the bylaw might handicap the entry of new banking cards and possibly lessen competition in the industry. Before the case was retried, Visas Board of Directories overturned Visas General Counsel decision and permitted Visa member banks to issue MasterCards general-purpose cards and MasterCards Board of Directories agreed to al low their member banks to issue Visas general-purpose cards. The government had no objections to Visa and MasterCard joint venture of allowing overlapping ownership and the dual governing structure of the banks, that later became known as duality. Both Visa and MasterCard Board of Directors sent the Department of Justice letters stating their business intentions; the letter stated, when one board acts with respect to a matter the results of those actions are disseminated to the members that are members in both organizations. As a result, each of the associations is a fishbowl and offices and board members are aware o f what the other is doing, much more so than in the normal corporate environment. One point of interest to consider is, if the government could foresee the negative externalities that Visas Business Review policy would have on the market structure, why did it not foresee the full implication that duality would have in the industry? Visa and MasterCard may have initially entered into an association, because they believed duality would be the easiest and fastest way of resolving their legal differences. They had no clue of the impact their decision would have on the industry and market structure. On several occasions, member banks violated both section 1and 2 of the Sherman Act. Although there were no written policies or safeguards in placed preventing Visa and MasterCard from competing against each other, governing banks would often reject any implementations of or refuse to investments in any competitive initiatives proposed by the separate management.Officials at the highest level of Visa and MasterCard corporations have publicly and under oath acknowledge co-ownership and governance has significantly lessened competition. Visas International president and Chief Executive Officer testified, Visa was a better organization before duality. He also stated their groups of banks wanted to support Visa and go beat up MasterCard and those who supported M asterCard banks wanted to go beat up on Visa. However, it was hard for them to take an aggressive step against each other, because some Board of Directors was a member of both banks and they would not allow any competition. The President of MasterCard International and General Counsel wrote a letter to the Department of Justice claiming member banks viewed Visa and MasterCards association as complementary and are displeased when one attempt to enhance itself at the others expense; therefore, making it impossible to compete in certain areas. He testified: It is clear that because of duality you do not see MasterCard and Visa attacking each other in the marketplace. .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .postImageUrl , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:hover , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:visited , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:active { border:0!important; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:active , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fantasy's Integral Role In The Creation Of A Kille Essay The member banks defended the actions by focusing on the accessibility of general-purpose cards in the marker and competition between card issuers; responding that card issuers compete for cardholders with respect to interest rates, annual cardholder fees, payment terms and conditions. Therefore, it is not necessary for Visa and MasterCard to compete with one another. As time passed, Visa and MasterCard realized the advantages duality provided them and they began collaborating with governing banks by adopted rules and policies prohibiting member banks from doing business with other general-purpose card networks such as American Express and Discover/Novus. In an attempt to complete in the card networks, American Express developed a single merchant terminal that would accept and process all network general-purpose cards, Visa and MasterCard violated Section 2 of the Clayton by enacting a new regulation forbidding member banks to process their cards. However, the demands by merchants f or a single terminal forced Visa and MasterCard to modify this policy, so they allowed merchants to process their cards using other general-purpose card networks, but charged merchants higher fees for using non-Visa/MasterCard network systems. Even though Visa and MasterCard adjusted their position on a single terminal processing system, the Department of Justice investigation revealed Visa and MasterCard still remained in control of 85% of the market power; leaving very little market shares to American Express who had only 5% and Discover/Novus with 8.5%. Visa and MasterCard enacted several exclusionary practices that restrained competition. For example, they prohibited banks from during business with other general-purpose card networks; prohibited American Express and Discover/Novus access to their ATM machines for cash advances; and terminated any member bank that issued American Express and Discover/Novus card networks. Entry into the general-purpose card network market is a difficult task within itself. The ability of producers to establish new banking cards and network system requires large investments and the success in the market depends upon the consumers willingness to accept and use the product. Visa and MasterCard further complicate matters, by implementing anti-competitive polices that injured competition, and increased entrants costs. Member banks restrained critical competitive initiatives that were developed by Visa and MasterCard management. When MasterCard developed its Smart card, the governing banks refused its release, and only after Visa had developed a similar card, did the member banks allow Visa and MasterCard to banks all Master card to release theothe card was released only after Visa had developed a similar card. The government antitrust laws were established to ensue consumers receives good quality products; there are enough producers in the industry to provide such product s, and the price of the product is sold at a fair market price. The Federal Trade Commission is the government agency responsible for monitoring business practices of organizations within the industry and take legal actions against violators of antitrust laws. As for the Visa and MasterCard monopolization antitrust case, evidence presented by the Department of Justice investigation revealed actions by the government, member banks, as well as Visa and MasterCard contributed to the market failure of the general-purpose card networks. Complaint for Equitable Relief for Violations of 15 U.S.C. s 1 Civil Action No. 98-civ.7076. http://www.usDepartment of Justice.gov/atr/cases/f1900/1973.htm 15 Jun 2000. Bibliography:Micheel Smith 26 Female